fix(solutions): memory issues thanks to -fsanitize=address flag with gcc

challenges/acronyms/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
+void character_append(char* string, const char character) {
-#include <string.h>
+  size_t length = string_get_length(string);
+  character_append_at(string, character, length);
+}
 
-void character_append(char* string, char character) {
+void character_append_at(char* string, const char character, const size_t index) {
-  size_t length = strlen(string);
+  size_t length = string_get_length(string);
-  string[length] = character;
+  for (size_t index_string = length; index_string > index; index_string--) {
+    string[index_string] = string[index_string - 1];
+  }
+  string[index] = character;
   string[length + 1] = '\0';
 }
 

challenges/acronyms/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "string.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.
@@ -10,6 +15,15 @@
  */
 void character_append(char* string, char character);
 
+/**
+ * @brief Append a character to a string at a specific index, assuming string points to an array with enough space.
+ *
+ * @param string
+ * @param character
+ * @param index
+ */
+void character_append_at(char* string, const char character, const size_t index);
+
 /**
  * @brief Converts the character to uppercase.
  *

challenges/acronyms/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@
 
 int main() {
   char* string = input();
-  string = string_replace(string, '"', '\0');
+  string_remove_character(string, '"');
-  string = string_to_upper(string);
+  string_to_uppercase(string);
-  string = string_acronym(string);
+  char* result = string_acronym(string);
-  printf("%s\n", string);
+  printf("%s\n", result);
   free(string);
+  free(result);
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

challenges/acronyms/solutions/c/function/string.c

@@ -1,47 +1,55 @@
 #include "string.h"
 
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 #include "character.h"
 
-char* string_to_upper(const char* string) {
+size_t string_get_length(const char* string) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
+  size_t length = 0;
-  char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
+  while (string[length] != '\0') {
-  for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length; index++) {
+    length++;
-    character_append(result, character_to_upper(string[index]));
   }
-  return result;
+  return length;
 }
 
-char* string_replace(const char* string, char search, char replace) {
+void string_to_uppercase(char* string) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
-  char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
   for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length; index++) {
-    bool is_search_value = search == string[index];
+    string[index] = character_to_upper(string[index]);
-    if (is_search_value) {
+  }
-      character_append(result, replace);
+  string[string_length] = '\0';
-    } else {
+}
-      character_append(result, string[index]);
+
+void string_remove_character(char* string, char search) {
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
+  for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length; index++) {
+    if (string[index] == search) {
+      for (size_t index_string = index; index_string < string_length; index_string++) {
+        string[index_string] = string[index_string + 1];
+      }
+      string_length--;
+      index--;
     }
   }
-  return result;
+  string[string_length] = '\0';
 }
 
 char* string_acronym(char* string) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
   char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
-  char* current = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
+  char current = '\0';
-  for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length; index++) {
+  size_t result_index = 0;
-    if (string[index] == ' ') {
+  bool is_first_character = true;
-      character_append(result, current[0]);
+  for (size_t string_index = 0; string_index < string_length; string_index++) {
-      memset(current, 0, sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
+    if (string[string_index] == ' ') {
-    } else {
+      result[result_index] = current;
-      character_append(current, string[index]);
+      result_index += 1;
+      is_first_character = true;
+    } else if (is_first_character) {
+      current = string[string_index];
+      is_first_character = false;
     }
   }
-  character_append(result, current[0]);
+  result[result_index] = current;
-  free(current);
+  result_index += 1;
+  result[result_index] = '\0';
   return result;
 }

challenges/acronyms/solutions/c/function/string.h

@@ -1,24 +1,37 @@
 #ifndef __STRING__
 #define __STRING__
 
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return the length of a string (excluding '\0').
+ *
+ * @param string
+ */
+size_t string_get_length(const char* string);
+
 /**
  * @brief Converts all the alphabetic characters in a string to uppercase.
  *
- * @param string
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
- * @return char*
- */
-char* string_to_upper(const char* string);
-
-/**
- * @brief Replace all the occurrences of search value into replace value in
- * the string.
  *
  * @param string
- * @param search_value A character search value.
- * @param replace_value A character containing the text to replace for match.
- * @return char*
  */
-char* string_replace(const char* string, char search, char replace);
+void string_to_uppercase(char* string);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Removes all the occurrences of a character in a string.
+ *
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
+ *
+ * @param string
+ * @param search A character search value.
+ */
+void string_remove_character(char* string, char search);
 
 /**
  * @brief Converts a string to its acronym.

challenges/caesar-cipher/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
+void character_append(char* string, const char character) {
-#include <string.h>
+  size_t length = string_get_length(string);
+  character_append_at(string, character, length);
+}
 
-void character_append(char* string, char character) {
+void character_append_at(char* string, const char character, const size_t index) {
-  size_t length = strlen(string);
+  size_t length = string_get_length(string);
-  string[length] = character;
+  for (size_t index_string = length; index_string > index; index_string--) {
+    string[index_string] = string[index_string - 1];
+  }
+  string[index] = character;
   string[length + 1] = '\0';
 }

challenges/caesar-cipher/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "string.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.
@@ -10,4 +15,13 @@
  */
 void character_append(char* string, char character);
 
+/**
+ * @brief Append a character to a string at a specific index, assuming string points to an array with enough space.
+ *
+ * @param string
+ * @param character
+ * @param index
+ */
+void character_append_at(char* string, const char character, const size_t index);
+
 #endif

challenges/caesar-cipher/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
 #include "character.h"
 
 char* input() {

challenges/caesar-cipher/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/caesar-cipher/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ int main() {
   char* string = input();
   int shift;
   scanf("%d", &shift);
-  string = string_caesar_cipher(string, shift);
+  char* result = string_caesar_cipher(string, shift);
-  printf("%s\n", string);
+  printf("%s\n", result);
   free(string);
+  free(result);
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

challenges/caesar-cipher/solutions/c/function/string.c

@@ -1,24 +1,27 @@
 #include "string.h"
 
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 #include "character.h"
 
-#define ALPHABET_LENGTH 26
+size_t string_get_length(const char* string) {
+  size_t length = 0;
+  while (string[length] != '\0') {
+    length++;
+  }
+  return length;
+}
 
 char* string_shift_alphabet(int shift) {
   char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (ALPHABET_LENGTH + 1));
-  for (char index = 0; index < ALPHABET_LENGTH; index++) {
+  for (size_t index = 0; index < ALPHABET_LENGTH; index++) {
     char letter = 'A' + index + shift;
     if (letter < 'A') {
       letter = 'Z' + shift + index + 1;
     } else if (letter > 'Z') {
       letter = letter - ALPHABET_LENGTH;
     }
-    character_append(result, letter);
+    result[index] = letter;
   }
+  result[ALPHABET_LENGTH] = '\0';
   return result;
 }
 
@@ -28,8 +31,8 @@ char* string_caesar_cipher(char* string, int shift) {
   char* shifted_alphabet = string_shift_alphabet(shift);
   for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length; index++) {
     char letter = string[index];
-    if (letter != ' ') {
+    if (letter != ' ' && (letter >= 'A' && letter <= 'Z')) {
-      for (int index_alphabet = 0; index_alphabet < ALPHABET_LENGTH; index_alphabet++) {
+      for (size_t index_alphabet = 0; index_alphabet < ALPHABET_LENGTH; index_alphabet++) {
         char current_letter = 'A' + index_alphabet;
         if (string[index] == current_letter) {
           letter = shifted_alphabet[index_alphabet];
@@ -37,7 +40,9 @@ char* string_caesar_cipher(char* string, int shift) {
         }
       }
     }
-    character_append(result, letter);
+    result[index] = letter;
   }
+  result[string_length] = '\0';
+  free(shifted_alphabet);
   return result;
 }

challenges/caesar-cipher/solutions/c/function/string.h

@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
 #ifndef __STRING__
 #define __STRING__
 
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define ALPHABET_LENGTH 26
 #define ALPHABET "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
 
+/**
+ * @brief Return the length of a string (excluding '\0').
+ *
+ * @param string
+ */
+size_t string_get_length(const char* string);
+
 /**
  * @brief Shift the alphabet by a given amount.
  *

challenges/camel-case/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
+void character_append(char* string, const char character) {
-#include <string.h>
+  size_t length = string_get_length(string);
+  character_append_at(string, character, length);
+}
 
-void character_append(char* string, char character) {
+void character_append_at(char* string, const char character, const size_t index) {
-  size_t length = strlen(string);
+  size_t length = string_get_length(string);
-  string[length] = character;
+  for (size_t index_string = length; index_string > index; index_string--) {
+    string[index_string] = string[index_string - 1];
+  }
+  string[index] = character;
   string[length + 1] = '\0';
 }
 
-char character_to_upper(char character) {
+char character_to_upper(const char character) {
-  char ascii_a = 'a';
+  if (character >= 'a' && character <= 'z') {
-  char ascii_A = 'A';
+    return character + ('A' - 'a');
-  char ascii_z = 'z';
-  if (character >= ascii_a && character <= ascii_z) {
-    return character + (ascii_A - ascii_a);
   }
   return character;
 }

challenges/camel-case/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "string.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.
@@ -10,12 +16,20 @@
  */
 void character_append(char* string, char character);
 
+/**
+ * @brief Append a character to a string at a specific index, assuming string points to an array with enough space.
+ *
+ * @param string
+ * @param character
+ * @param index
+ */
+void character_append_at(char* string, const char character, const size_t index);
+
 /**
  * @brief Converts the character to uppercase.
  *
  * @param character
- * @return char
  */
-char character_to_upper(char character);
+char character_to_upper(const char character);
 
 #endif

challenges/camel-case/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/camel-case/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/camel-case/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@
 
 int main() {
   char* string = input();
-  string = string_trim(string);
+  string_trim(string, ' ');
-  string = string_camelCase(string);
+  char* result = string_camelCase(string);
-  printf("%s\n", string);
+  printf("%s\n", result);
   free(string);
+  free(result);
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

challenges/camel-case/solutions/c/function/string.c

@@ -1,66 +1,73 @@
 #include "string.h"
 
-#include <stdbool.h>
+size_t string_get_length(const char* string) {
-#include <stdlib.h>
+  size_t length = 0;
-#include <string.h>
+  while (string[length] != '\0') {
+    length++;
+  }
+  return length;
+}
 
-#include "character.h"
+void string_trim_start(char* string, char character) {
-
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
-char* string_trim_start(char* string) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
-  char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
   size_t index_space = 0;
-  while (string[index_space] == ' ') {
+  while (string[index_space] == character) {
     index_space++;
   }
-  for (size_t index = index_space; index < string_length; index++) {
+  for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length - index_space; index++) {
-    character_append(result, string[index]);
+    string[index] = string[index + index_space];
   }
-  return result;
+  string[string_length - index_space] = '\0';
 }
 
-char* string_trim_end(char* string) {
+void string_trim_end(char* string, char character) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
-  char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
   size_t index_space = string_length - 1;
-  while (string[index_space] == ' ') {
+  while (string[index_space] == character) {
     index_space--;
   }
-  for (size_t index = 0; index < index_space + 1; index++) {
+  string[index_space + 1] = '\0';
-    character_append(result, string[index]);
-  }
-  return result;
 }
 
-char* string_trim(char* string) {
+void string_trim(char* string, char character) {
-  char* result = string_trim_start(string);
+  string_trim_start(string, character);
-  result = string_trim_end(result);
+  string_trim_end(string, character);
-  return result;
 }
 
-char* string_capitalize(char* string) {
+void string_capitalize(char* string) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
-  if (string_length > 0) {
+  if (string_length == 0) {
-    string[0] = character_to_upper(string[0]);
+    return;
   }
-  return string;
+  string[0] = character_to_upper(string[0]);
 }
 
 char* string_camelCase(char* string) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
   char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
-  int words = 0;
+  result[0] = '\0';
+  size_t words = 0;
   char* current = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
+  size_t current_index = 0;
   for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length; index++) {
     if (string[index] == ' ') {
-      strcat(result, words == 0 ? current : string_capitalize(current));
+      current[current_index] = '\0';
+      if (words > 0) {
+        string_capitalize(current);
+      }
+      strcat(result, current);
       memset(current, 0, sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
-      words++;
+      current_index = 0;
+      words += 1;
     } else {
-      character_append(current, string[index]);
+      current[current_index] = string[index];
+      current_index += 1;
     }
   }
-  strcat(result, words == 0 ? current : string_capitalize(current));
+  if (words > 0) {
+    string_capitalize(current);
+    strcat(result, current);
+  }
   free(current);
   return result;
 }

challenges/camel-case/solutions/c/function/string.h

@@ -1,29 +1,46 @@
 #ifndef __STRING__
 #define __STRING__
 
-/**
+#include <stdbool.h>
- * @brief Removes all whitespace from the start of a string.
+#include <stdlib.h>
- *
+#include <string.h>
- * @param string
+
- * @return char*
+#include "character.h"
- */
-char* string_trim_start(char* string);
 
 /**
- * @brief Removes all whitespace from the end of a string.
+ * @brief Return the length of a string (excluding '\0').
  *
  * @param string
- * @return char*
+ * @return size_t
  */
-char* string_trim_end(char* string);
+size_t string_get_length(const char* string);
 
 /**
- * @brief Removes all whitespace from the start and end of a string.
+ * @brief Removes all `character` from the start of a string.
+ *
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
  *
  * @param string
- * @return char*
  */
-char* string_trim(char* string);
+void string_trim_start(char* string, char character);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Removes all `character` from the end of a string.
+ *
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
+ *
+ * @param string
+ */
+void string_trim_end(char* string, char character);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Removes all `character` from the start and end of a string.
+ *
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
+ *
+ * @param string
+ */
+void string_trim(char* string, char character);
 
 /**
  * @brief Converts a string to camel case.
@@ -36,9 +53,10 @@ char* string_camelCase(char* string);
 /**
  * @brief Capitalizes the string.
  *
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
+ *
  * @param string
- * @return char*
  */
-char* string_capitalize(char* string);
+void string_capitalize(char* string);
 
 #endif

challenges/consecutive-numbers/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

challenges/consecutive-numbers/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.

challenges/consecutive-numbers/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/consecutive-numbers/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/convert-number-from-base-to-another/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

challenges/convert-number-from-base-to-another/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.

challenges/convert-number-from-base-to-another/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/convert-number-from-base-to-another/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/convert-number-from-base-to-another/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -4,15 +4,11 @@
 
 #include "input.h"
 
-int math_power(int base, int power) {
+unsigned long long mathematics_pow(unsigned long long base, unsigned long long exponent) {
-  int result = 1;
+  return exponent == 0 ? 1 : base * mathematics_pow(base, exponent - 1);
-  for (int iteration = 0; iteration < power; iteration++) {
-    result = result * base;
-  }
-  return result;
 }
 
-char* convert_from_base_10_to_base(unsigned long number, unsigned int base) {
+char* convert_number_from_base_10_to_base(unsigned long long number, unsigned long base) {
   if (number == 0) {
     return "0";
   }
@@ -34,13 +30,14 @@ char* convert_from_base_10_to_base(unsigned long number, unsigned int base) {
     }
     index_result++;
   }
+  result[index_result] = '\0';
   return result;
 }
 
-int convert_from_base_to_base_10(char* number, unsigned int base) {
+unsigned long convert_number_from_base_to_base_10(char* number, unsigned long base) {
-  int length = strlen(number);
+  size_t length = strlen(number);
   int exponent = length - 1;
-  int result = 0;
+  unsigned long result = 0;
   int index = 0;
   while (exponent >= 0) {
     int current_number = (int)(number[index] - '0');
@@ -49,19 +46,26 @@ int convert_from_base_to_base_10(char* number, unsigned int base) {
     } else {
       current_number = (int)(number[index] - '0');
     }
-    result = result + current_number * math_power(base, exponent);
+    result = result + current_number * mathematics_pow(base, exponent);
     exponent--;
     index++;
   }
   return result;
 }
 
+char* convert_number_from_base_to_another(char* number, unsigned long base_from, unsigned long base_target) {
+  return convert_number_from_base_10_to_base(convert_number_from_base_to_base_10(number, base_from), base_target);
+}
+
 int main() {
   char* number = input();
-  int base_from;
+  unsigned long base_from;
-  int base_target;
+  unsigned long base_target;
-  scanf("%d", &base_from);
+  scanf("%lu", &base_from);
-  scanf("%d", &base_target);
+  scanf("%lu", &base_target);
-  printf("%s\n", convert_from_base_10_to_base(convert_from_base_to_base_10(number, base_from), base_target));
+  char* result = convert_number_from_base_to_another(number, base_from, base_target);
+  printf("%s\n", result);
+  free(number);
+  free(result);
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

challenges/fibonacci/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
-int fibonacci(int number) {
+unsigned long fibonacci(unsigned long number) {
   return number < 2 ? number : fibonacci(number - 1) + fibonacci(number - 2);
 }
 
 int main() {
-  int number;
+  unsigned long number;
-  scanf("%d", &number);
+  scanf("%lu", &number);
-  printf("%d\n", fibonacci(number));
+  printf("%lu\n", fibonacci(number));
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

challenges/first-non-repeating-character/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

challenges/first-non-repeating-character/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.

challenges/first-non-repeating-character/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/first-non-repeating-character/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/first-non-repeating-character/solutions/c/function/string.c

@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 #include "string.h"
 
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 size_t string_total_occurrences_of_character(char* string, char character) {
   size_t result = 0;
   size_t string_length = strlen(string);

challenges/first-non-repeating-character/solutions/c/function/string.h

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __STRING__
 #define __STRING__
 
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
 
 /**
  * @brief Returns the total number of occurrences of the given character in the string.

challenges/fizzbuzz/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 int main() {
-  int length;
+  unsigned long length;
-  scanf("%d", &length);
+  scanf("%lu", &length);
-  for (int number = 1; number <= length; number++) {
+  for (unsigned long number = 1; number <= length; number++) {
     bool is_divisible_by_3 = number % 3 == 0;
     bool is_divisible_by_5 = number % 5 == 0;
     if (is_divisible_by_3 && is_divisible_by_5) {
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ int main() {
     } else if (is_divisible_by_5) {
       printf("Buzz\n");
     } else {
-      printf("%d\n", number);
+      printf("%lu\n", number);
     }
   }
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;

challenges/heap-algorithm/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

challenges/heap-algorithm/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.

challenges/heap-algorithm/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/heap-algorithm/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/hello-world/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

challenges/hello-world/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.

challenges/hello-world/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/hello-world/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/hello-world/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -6,5 +6,6 @@
 int main() {
   char *string = input();
   printf("Hello, %s!\n", string);
+  free(string);
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

challenges/is-palindrome/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

challenges/is-palindrome/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.

challenges/is-palindrome/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/is-palindrome/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/is-palindrome/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 
 int main() {
   char* string = input();
-  string = string_to_upper(string);
+  string_to_uppercase(string);
-  string = string_replace(string, ' ', '\0');
+  string_remove_character(string, ' ');
   bool is_palindrome = string_is_palindrome(string);
   free(string);
   printf("%s\n", is_palindrome ? "true" : "false");

challenges/is-palindrome/solutions/c/function/string.c

@@ -1,46 +1,67 @@
 #include "string.h"
 
-#include <stdbool.h>
+size_t string_get_length(const char* string) {
-#include <stdlib.h>
+  size_t length = 0;
-#include <string.h>
+  while (string[length] != '\0') {
+    length++;
+  }
+  return length;
+}
 
-#include "character.h"
+void string_to_uppercase(char* string) {
-
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
-char* string_to_upper(const char* string) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
-  char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
   for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length; index++) {
-    character_append(result, character_to_upper(string[index]));
+    string[index] = character_to_upper(string[index]);
   }
-  return result;
+  string[string_length] = '\0';
 }
 
-char* string_reverse(const char* string) {
+void string_remove_character(char* string, char search) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
-  char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
+  for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length; index++) {
-  for (int index = string_length - 1; index != -1; index--) {
+    if (string[index] == search) {
-    character_append(result, string[index]);
+      for (size_t index_string = index; index_string < string_length; index_string++) {
+        string[index_string] = string[index_string + 1];
+      }
+      string_length--;
+      index--;
+    }
   }
-  return result;
+  string[string_length] = '\0';
 }
 
-bool string_is_palindrome(const char* string) {
+char* string_copy(const char* string) {
-  char* string_reversed = string_reverse(string);
+  size_t source_length = string_get_length(string);
-  bool is_palindrome = strcmp(string_reversed, string) == 0;
+  char* copy = malloc(sizeof(char) * (source_length + 1));
+  if (copy == NULL) {
+    perror("Error (string_copy)");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  size_t index;
+  for (index = 0; index < source_length; index++) {
+    copy[index] = string[index];
+  }
+  copy[index] = '\0';
+  return copy;
+}
+
+void string_reverse(char* string) {
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
+  size_t index_start = 0;
+  size_t index_end = string_length - 1;
+  while (index_start < index_end) {
+    char temporary = string[index_start];
+    string[index_start] = string[index_end];
+    string[index_end] = temporary;
+    index_start++;
+    index_end--;
+  }
+}
+
+bool string_is_palindrome(char* string) {
+  char* string_reversed = string_copy(string);
+  string_reverse(string_reversed);
+  bool is_palindrome = strcmp(string, string_reversed) == 0;
   free(string_reversed);
   return is_palindrome;
 }
-
-char* string_replace(const char* string, char search, char replace) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
-  char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
-  for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length; index++) {
-    bool is_search_value = search == string[index];
-    if (is_search_value) {
-      character_append(result, replace);
-    } else {
-      character_append(result, string[index]);
-    }
-  }
-  return result;
-}

challenges/is-palindrome/solutions/c/function/string.h

@@ -1,23 +1,57 @@
 #ifndef __STRING__
 #define __STRING__
 
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return the length of a string (excluding '\0').
+ *
+ * @param string
+ * @return size_t
+ */
+size_t string_get_length(const char* string);
 
 /**
  * @brief Converts all the alphabetic characters in a string to uppercase.
  *
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
+ *
  * @param string
- * @return char*
  */
-char* string_to_upper(const char* string);
+void string_to_uppercase(char* string);
 
 /**
- * @brief Reverse the characters in an array.
+ * @brief Removes all the occurrences of a character in a string.
+ *
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
+ *
+ * @param string
+ * @param search A character search value.
+ */
+void string_remove_character(char* string, char search);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Reverse the characters in a string.
+ *
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
+ *
+ * @param string
+ */
+void string_reverse(char* string);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Return the copy of a string.
  *
  * @param string
  * @return char*
  */
-char* string_reverse(const char* string);
+char* string_copy(const char* string);
 
 /**
  * @brief Returns true if the string is a palindrome (a palindrome is a word,
@@ -27,17 +61,6 @@ char* string_reverse(const char* string);
  * @param string The string to check.
  * @return true if the string is a palindrome, false otherwise.
  */
-bool string_is_palindrome(const char* string);
+bool string_is_palindrome(char* string);
-
-/**
- * @brief Replace all the occurrences of search value into replace value in
- * the string.
- *
- * @param string
- * @param search_value A character search value.
- * @param replace_value A character containing the text to replace for match.
- * @return char*
- */
-char* string_replace(const char* string, char search, char replace);
 
 #endif

challenges/is-prime-number/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
-bool is_prime_number(int number) {
+bool is_prime_number(unsigned long number) {
-  for (int iteration = 2; iteration < number; iteration++) {
+  for (unsigned long iteration = 2; iteration < number; iteration++) {
     if (number % iteration == 0) {
       return false;
     }
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ bool is_prime_number(int number) {
 }
 
 int main() {
-  int number;
+  unsigned long number;
-  scanf("%d", &number);
+  scanf("%lu", &number);
   bool is_prime = is_prime_number(number);
   printf("%s\n", is_prime ? "true" : "false");
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;

challenges/look-and-say-sequence-conway/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

challenges/look-and-say-sequence-conway/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.

challenges/look-and-say-sequence-conway/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/look-and-say-sequence-conway/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/look-and-say-sequence-conway/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -24,5 +24,7 @@ int main() {
     index += number_of_appearances - 1;
   }
   printf("%s\n", result);
+  free(string);
+  free(result);
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

challenges/prefix-suffix/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

challenges/prefix-suffix/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.

challenges/prefix-suffix/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/prefix-suffix/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/prefix-suffix/solutions/c/function/string.c

@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 #include "string.h"
 
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 bool string_starts_with(char* string, char* prefix) {
   size_t string_length = strlen(string);
   size_t prefix_length = strlen(prefix);

challenges/prefix-suffix/solutions/c/function/string.h

@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
 #define __STRING__
 
 #include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
 
 /**
  * @brief Returns true if the string is a prefix of another string.

challenges/prime-numbers-decomposition/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -28,8 +28,10 @@ int* get_dividers_list(int number, int* dividers_length) {
 
 bool is_prime_number(int number) {
   int dividers_length;
-  get_dividers_list(number, &dividers_length);
+  int* dividers_list = get_dividers_list(number, &dividers_length);
-  return dividers_length == 2;
+  bool result = dividers_length == 2;
+  free(dividers_list);
+  return result;
 }
 
 int sum_multiply_numbers(int* numbers, int numbers_length) {

challenges/print-pyramid/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

challenges/print-pyramid/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array

challenges/print-pyramid/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/print-pyramid/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/print-pyramid/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@
 
 int main() {
   char* type = input();
-  int height;
+  unsigned long height;
-  scanf("%d", &height);
+  scanf("%lu", &height);
 
-  int step = strcmp(type, "normal") == 0 ? 1 : height;
+  unsigned long step = strcmp(type, "normal") == 0 ? 1 : height;
   while ((strcmp(type, "normal") == 0 && step <= height) || (strcmp(type, "reverse") == 0 && step != 0)) {
     size_t numberOfStars = (step * 2) - 1;
     size_t totalNumberOfLocations = (height * 2) - 1;
@@ -23,5 +23,6 @@ int main() {
     step = strcmp(type, "normal") == 0 ? step + 1 : step - 1;
   }
 
+  free(type);
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

challenges/reverse-polish-notation/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

challenges/reverse-polish-notation/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.

challenges/reverse-polish-notation/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/reverse-polish-notation/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/reverse-polish-notation/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ bool is_integer(char* string) {
 
 int main() {
   char* string = input();
-  struct Stack* stack = stack_initialization();
+  struct stack* stack = stack_initialization();
   char* token = strtok(string, " ");
   while (token != NULL) {
     if (is_integer(token)) {
@@ -45,5 +45,7 @@ int main() {
     token = strtok(NULL, " ");
   }
   printf("%ld\n", (intptr_t)stack_pop(stack));
+  free(string);
+  stack_free(stack);
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

challenges/reverse-polish-notation/solutions/c/function/stack.c

@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 #include "stack.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
+struct stack *stack_initialization() {
-#include <stdlib.h>
+  struct stack *stack = malloc(sizeof(struct stack));
-
-struct Stack *stack_initialization() {
-  struct Stack *stack = malloc(sizeof(*stack));
   if (stack == NULL) {
+    perror("Error (stack_initialization)");
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
   stack->first = NULL;
@@ -13,9 +11,15 @@ struct Stack *stack_initialization() {
   return stack;
 }
 
-void stack_push(struct Stack *stack, void *data) {
+void stack_push(struct stack *stack, void *data) {
-  struct Node *node_new = malloc(sizeof(*node_new));
+  if (stack == NULL) {
-  if (stack == NULL || data == NULL) {
+    errno = EINVAL;
+    perror("Error (stack_push)");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  struct stack_node *node_new = malloc(sizeof(struct stack_node));
+  if (data == NULL) {
+    perror("Error (stack_push)");
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
   node_new->data = data;
@@ -24,11 +28,13 @@ void stack_push(struct Stack *stack, void *data) {
   stack->length = stack->length + 1;
 }
 
-void *stack_pop(struct Stack *stack) {
+void *stack_pop(struct stack *stack) {
   if (stack == NULL) {
+    errno = EINVAL;
+    perror("Error (stack_pop)");
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
-  struct Node *node = stack->first;
+  struct stack_node *node = stack->first;
   void *data = NULL;
   if (node != NULL) {
     stack->first = node->next;
@@ -38,3 +44,18 @@ void *stack_pop(struct Stack *stack) {
   stack->length = stack->length - 1;
   return data;
 }
+
+void stack_free(struct stack *stack) {
+  if (stack == NULL) {
+    errno = EINVAL;
+    perror("Error (stack_free)");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  struct stack_node *node = stack->first;
+  while (node != NULL) {
+    struct stack_node *node_next = node->next;
+    free(node);
+    node = node_next;
+  }
+  free(stack);
+}

challenges/reverse-polish-notation/solutions/c/function/stack.h

@@ -1,23 +1,54 @@
 #ifndef __STACK__
 #define __STACK__
 
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
-// LIFO = Last In First Out
+/**
-struct Stack {
+ * @brief Stack structure => LIFO (Last In First Out).
-  struct Node *first;
+ */
+struct stack {
+  struct stack_node *first;
   size_t length;
 };
 
-struct Node {
+/**
+ * @brief Stack node structure.
+ */
+struct stack_node {
   void *data;
-  struct Node *next;
+  struct stack_node *next;
 };
 
-struct Stack *stack_initialization();
+/**
+ * @brief Stack initialization.
+ *
+ * @return struct stack*
+ */
+struct stack *stack_initialization();
 
-void stack_push(struct Stack *stack, void *data);
+/**
+ * @brief Push data to stack.
+ *
+ * @param stack
+ * @param data
+ */
+void stack_push(struct stack *stack, void *data);
 
-void *stack_pop(struct Stack *stack);
+/**
+ * @brief Pop data from stack.
+ *
+ * @param stack
+ * @return void*
+ */
+void *stack_pop(struct stack *stack);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Frees the stack.
+ *
+ * @param stack
+ */
+void stack_free(struct stack *stack);
 
 #endif

challenges/rotate-2-dimensional-array-90-degrees/solutions/c/function/array_2D_int.c

@@ -1,16 +1,10 @@
 #include "array_2D_int.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 void array_2D_int_print(int **array, size_t number_of_rows, size_t number_of_columns) {
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < number_of_rows; i++) {
+  for (size_t row = 0; row < number_of_rows; row++) {
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < number_of_columns; j++) {
+    for (size_t column = 0; column < number_of_columns; column++) {
-      printf("%d", array[i][j]);
+      printf("%d", array[row][column]);
-      if (j != number_of_columns - 1) {
+      if (column != number_of_columns - 1) {
         printf(" ");
       }
     }
@@ -19,7 +13,7 @@ void array_2D_int_print(int **array, size_t number_of_rows, size_t number_of_col
 }
 
 int **array_2D_int_input(size_t *number_of_rows, size_t *number_of_columns) {
-  int **array = malloc(sizeof(int *));
+  int **array = malloc(sizeof(int));
   *number_of_rows = 1;
   *number_of_columns = 1;
   array[0] = malloc(*number_of_columns * sizeof(int));
@@ -60,13 +54,13 @@ int **array_2D_int_input(size_t *number_of_rows, size_t *number_of_columns) {
 }
 
 int **array_2D_int_reverse_rows(int **array, size_t *number_of_rows, size_t *number_of_columns) {
-  int **rotated_array = malloc(*number_of_columns * sizeof(int *));
+  int **rotated_array = malloc(*number_of_rows * sizeof(int));
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < *number_of_columns; i++) {
+  for (size_t row = 0; row < *number_of_rows; row++) {
-    rotated_array[i] = malloc(*number_of_rows * sizeof(int));
+    rotated_array[row] = malloc(*number_of_columns * sizeof(int));
   }
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < *number_of_columns; i++) {
+  for (size_t row = 0; row < *number_of_columns; row++) {
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < *number_of_rows; j++) {
+    for (size_t column = 0; column < *number_of_rows; column++) {
-      rotated_array[i][j] = array[*number_of_rows - i - 1][j];
+      rotated_array[row][column] = array[*number_of_rows - row - 1][column];
     }
   }
   return rotated_array;
@@ -74,12 +68,12 @@ int **array_2D_int_reverse_rows(int **array, size_t *number_of_rows, size_t *num
 
 int **array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_clockwise(int **array, size_t *number_of_rows, size_t *number_of_columns) {
   int **rotated_array = malloc(*number_of_columns * sizeof(int *));
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < *number_of_columns; i++) {
+  for (size_t row = 0; row < *number_of_columns; row++) {
-    rotated_array[i] = malloc(*number_of_rows * sizeof(int));
+    rotated_array[row] = malloc(*number_of_rows * sizeof(int));
   }
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < *number_of_columns; i++) {
+  for (size_t row = 0; row < *number_of_columns; row++) {
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < *number_of_rows; j++) {
+    for (size_t column = 0; column < *number_of_rows; column++) {
-      rotated_array[i][j] = array[*number_of_rows - j - 1][i];
+      rotated_array[row][column] = array[*number_of_rows - column - 1][row];
     }
   }
   size_t number_of_rows_temp = *number_of_rows;
@@ -89,9 +83,28 @@ int **array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_clockwise(int **array, size_t *number_of_ro
 }
 
 int **array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_anticlockwise(int **array, size_t *number_of_rows, size_t *number_of_columns) {
-  int **result = array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_clockwise(array, number_of_rows, number_of_columns);
+  int **result_1 = array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_clockwise(array, number_of_rows, number_of_columns);
-  result = array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_clockwise(result, number_of_rows, number_of_columns);
+  size_t number_of_rows_temp = *number_of_rows;
-  result = array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_clockwise(result, number_of_rows, number_of_columns);
+
-  result = array_2D_int_reverse_rows(result, number_of_rows, number_of_columns);
+  int **result_2 = array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_clockwise(result_1, number_of_rows, number_of_columns);
-  return result;
+  for (size_t row = 0; row < number_of_rows_temp; row++) {
+    free(result_1[row]);
+  }
+  free(result_1);
+  number_of_rows_temp = *number_of_rows;
+
+  int **result_3 = array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_clockwise(result_2, number_of_rows, number_of_columns);
+  for (size_t row = 0; row < number_of_rows_temp; row++) {
+    free(result_2[row]);
+  }
+  free(result_2);
+  number_of_rows_temp = *number_of_rows;
+
+  int **result_4 = array_2D_int_reverse_rows(result_3, number_of_rows, number_of_columns);
+  for (size_t row = 0; row < number_of_rows_temp; row++) {
+    free(result_3[row]);
+  }
+  free(result_3);
+
+  return result_4;
 }

challenges/rotate-2-dimensional-array-90-degrees/solutions/c/function/array_2D_int.h

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __ARRAY_2D_INT__
 #define __ARRAY_2D_INT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
 
 /**
  * @brief Prints a 2D array of integers.

challenges/rotate-2-dimensional-array-90-degrees/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

challenges/rotate-2-dimensional-array-90-degrees/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.

challenges/rotate-2-dimensional-array-90-degrees/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/rotate-2-dimensional-array-90-degrees/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/rotate-2-dimensional-array-90-degrees/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -8,19 +8,20 @@ int main() {
   size_t number_of_rows = 0;
   size_t number_of_columns = 0;
   char *direction = input();
-  int **array = array_2D_int_input(&number_of_rows, &number_of_columns);
+  int **array_input = array_2D_int_input(&number_of_rows, &number_of_columns);
 
+  int **array;
   if (strcmp(direction, "clockwise") == 0) {
-    array = array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_clockwise(array, &number_of_rows, &number_of_columns);
+    array = array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_clockwise(array_input, &number_of_rows, &number_of_columns);
   } else {
-    array = array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_anticlockwise(array, &number_of_rows, &number_of_columns);
+    array = array_2D_int_rotate_90_degrees_anticlockwise(array_input, &number_of_rows, &number_of_columns);
   }
   array_2D_int_print(array, number_of_rows, number_of_columns);
 
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < number_of_rows; i++) {
+  free(direction);
-    free(array[i]);
+  for (size_t row = 0; row < number_of_rows; row++) {
+    free(array[row]);
   }
   free(array);
-  free(direction);
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

challenges/slugify/solutions/c/function/character.c

@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

challenges/slugify/solutions/c/function/character.h

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
 #include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array

challenges/slugify/solutions/c/function/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

challenges/slugify/solutions/c/function/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

challenges/slugify/solutions/c/function/solution.c

@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@
 
 int main() {
   char* string = input();
-  string = string_trim(string, ' ');
+  string_trim(string, ' ');
-  string = string_trim(string, '-');
+  string_trim(string, '-');
-  string = string_to_lowercase(string);
+  string_to_lowercase(string);
-  string = string_slugify(string);
+  char* result = string_slugify(string);
-  printf("%s\n", string);
+  printf("%s\n", result);
   free(string);
+  free(result);
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

challenges/slugify/solutions/c/function/string.c

@@ -1,66 +1,67 @@
 #include "string.h"
 
-#include <stdbool.h>
+size_t string_get_length(const char* string) {
-#include <stdlib.h>
+  size_t length = 0;
-#include <string.h>
+  while (string[length] != '\0') {
+    length++;
+  }
+  return length;
+}
 
-#include "character.h"
+void string_to_lowercase(char* string) {
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
+  for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length; index++) {
+    string[index] = character_to_lower(string[index]);
+  }
+  string[string_length] = '\0';
+}
 
-char* string_trim_start(char* string, char character) {
+void string_trim_start(char* string, char character) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
-  char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
   size_t index_space = 0;
   while (string[index_space] == character) {
     index_space++;
   }
-  for (size_t index = index_space; index < string_length; index++) {
+  for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length - index_space; index++) {
-    character_append(result, string[index]);
+    string[index] = string[index + index_space];
   }
-  return result;
+  string[string_length - index_space] = '\0';
 }
 
-char* string_trim_end(char* string, char character) {
+void string_trim_end(char* string, char character) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
+  size_t string_length = string_get_length(string);
-  char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
   size_t index_space = string_length - 1;
   while (string[index_space] == character) {
     index_space--;
   }
-  for (size_t index = 0; index < index_space + 1; index++) {
+  string[index_space + 1] = '\0';
-    character_append(result, string[index]);
-  }
-  return result;
 }
 
-char* string_trim(char* string, char character) {
+void string_trim(char* string, char character) {
-  char* result = string_trim_start(string, character);
+  string_trim_start(string, character);
-  result = string_trim_end(result, character);
+  string_trim_end(string, character);
-  return result;
-}
-
-char* string_to_lowercase(char* string) {
-  size_t string_length = strlen(string);
-  char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
-  for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length; index++) {
-    character_append(result, character_to_lower(string[index]));
-  }
-  return result;
 }
 
 char* string_slugify(char* string) {
   size_t string_length = strlen(string);
   char* result = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
-  int words = 0;
+  result[0] = '\0';
+  size_t words = 0;
   char* current = malloc(sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
+  current[0] = '\0';
+  size_t current_index = 0;
   for (size_t index = 0; index < string_length; index++) {
     if (string[index] == ' ' || (string[index] == '-' && strlen(current) > 0)) {
       strcat(result, current);
       character_append(result, '-');
       memset(current, 0, sizeof(char) * (string_length + 1));
-      words++;
+      current_index = 0;
+      words += 1;
     } else {
       if (character_is_alphanumeric(string[index])) {
-        character_append(current, string[index]);
+        current[current_index] = string[index];
+        current_index += 1;
+        current[current_index] = '\0';
       }
     }
   }

challenges/slugify/solutions/c/function/string.h

@@ -1,37 +1,55 @@
 #ifndef __STRING__
 #define __STRING__
 
-/**
+#include <stdbool.h>
- * @brief Removes all `character` from the start of a string.
+#include <stdlib.h>
- *
+#include <string.h>
- * @param string
+
- * @return char*
+#include "character.h"
- */
-char* string_trim_start(char* string, char character);
 
 /**
- * @brief Removes all `character` from the end of a string.
+ * @brief Return the length of a string (excluding '\0').
  *
  * @param string
- * @return char*
+ * @return size_t
  */
-char* string_trim_end(char* string, char character);
+size_t string_get_length(const char* string);
-
-/**
- * @brief Removes all `character` from the start and end of a string.
- *
- * @param string
- * @return char*
- */
-char* string_trim(char* string, char character);
 
 /**
  * @brief Converts all the alphabetic characters in a string to lowercase.
  *
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
+ *
  * @param string
- * @return char*
  */
-char* string_to_lowercase(char* string);
+void string_to_lowercase(char* string);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Removes all `character` from the start of a string.
+ *
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
+ *
+ * @param string
+ */
+void string_trim_start(char* string, char character);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Removes all `character` from the end of a string.
+ *
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
+ *
+ * @param string
+ */
+void string_trim_end(char* string, char character);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Removes all `character` from the start and end of a string.
+ *
+ * NOTE: Mutates the string.
+ *
+ * @param string
+ */
+void string_trim(char* string, char character);
 
 /**
  * @brief Generate a slug from a string.

templates/solution/c/character.c

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include "character.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
 void character_append(char* string, char character) {
   size_t length = strlen(string);
   string[length] = character;

templates/solution/c/character.h

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef __CHARACTER__
 #define __CHARACTER__
 
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
 /**
  * @brief Append a character to a string, assuming string points to an array
  * with enough space.

templates/solution/c/input.c

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "input.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-#include "character.h"
-
 char* input() {
   char character;
   size_t length = 1;

templates/solution/c/input.h

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef __INPUT__
 #define __INPUT__
 
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "character.h"
+
 /**
  * @brief Read a line from stdin.
  *

templates/solution/c/solution.c

@@ -6,5 +6,6 @@
 int main() {
   char *string = input();
   printf("Hello, %s!\n", string);
+  free(string);
   return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }